Scientists who have developed a breath test
for opioid drugs report that the initial results look promising.
A pilot study involving just a handful of
people reported breath test results that correlated well with those of blood
tests.
The findings feature in a recent Journal of
Breath Research paper.
Following validation with
larger trials, the team foresees a portable version of the breath test that
could offer close to real time opioid detection "almost anywhere."
Examples of such use include drug treatment
facilities, the home, roadsides, emergency response situations, and other areas
with limited healthcare access.
"There are a few ways we think this
could impact society," says co-senior study author Cristina E. Davis,
professor and chair of mechanical and aerospace engineering at the University
of California (UC), Davis.
Opioids and their effects
In their study paper, the authors explain
that many people live with pain, often because of medical conditions.
At first, people in pain reach for
over-the-counter drugs, such as ibuprofen and acetaminophen, often to find that
they are ineffective for moderate and severe pain.
So, they seek help from their doctors, who
commonly prescribe opioids and other strong pain relievers for chronic pain
conditions. Opioids can be effective as part of a closely monitored program of
pain control. In addition, they are inexpensive and have "high patient
acceptance."
Opioids are a class of drugs that activate
opioid receptors in the brain. The effect calms the body, slows breathing, and blocks pain.
The body also makes natural opioids, but the
quantities of these are not sufficient to block severe pain or cause an
overdose.
Several opioids, such as codeine and
morphine, come from the opium poppy plant, as does the illegal drug heroin.
Other opioids are either semisynthetic
derivatives of the poppy, including oxycodone and hydrocodone, or fully
synthetic, such as fentanyl and tramadol.
Opioids interact with the reward system to
release dopamine, a chemical messenger that the brain uses in many circuits,
including those that control movement, motivation, and feelings of pleasure.
Overactivation of the reward system is what
produces the highs and euphoria that many people who misuse drugs are seeking.
Opioid misuse is 'serious health crisis'
However, while opioids may well be effective
in treating pain, their overuse and abuse is now a "serious health crisis
around the world," according to the researchers behind the current study.
In the United States alone, more than 130 people die every day
because of an opioid overdose.
The ability to identify opioids and the
compounds that they break down into in the body is important not only for
monitoring correct use but also for informing medical decisions and preventing
side effects that might arise from interactions with other drugs.
The gold standard for opioid assessment is
chemical testing of blood and urine samples. Diagnostic tests in settings that
range from sports to forensics and include medical clinics rely on this method.
"However," note the authors,
"obtaining blood and urine may be difficult in nonclinical and
nonvoluntary settings."
Need to understand how opioids break down
They go on to explain that when designing
drug detection methods, it is important not only to detect specific drugs but
also to understand what happens to the compounds as they work their way through
the body. This knowledge belongs to the field of pharmacokinetics.
Source: Medical News Today
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