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oonosis is the name given to
diseases or infections that can be transmitted between humans and animals.
Many people interact with animals
during their daily lives, and millions of households in the United States have pets.
Other people come into contact with animals through their work, such as
farming, or in the wild.
In this article, we look at the common types of zoonotic
diseases and how they can be prevented.
Share on PinterestMany different
types of animals may spread zoonotic diseases, including chickens.
Zoonosis refers to diseases that can be passed from animals
to humans. They are sometimes called zoonotic diseases.
Animals can carry harmful germs, such as bacteria, fungi,
parasites, and viruses. These are then shared with humans and cause illness.
Zoonotic diseases range from mild to severe, and some can even be fatal.
Zoonotic diseases are widespread both in the U.S. and
worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 61 percent of all human diseases are zoonotic in origin,
while 75 percent of new diseases discovered in the last decade
are zoonotic.
Before the introduction of new hygiene regulations around
100 years ago, zoonotic diseases such as bovine tuberculosis, bubonic
plague, and glanders caused millions of
deaths. They are still a major problem in developing countries.
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Common zoonotic illnesses include:
Rabies
Rabies is a disease
that affects the nervous system of mammals. It is usually caused by a virus and
is transmitted if an infected animal bites a person or other animal.
Rabies is almost always fatal once symptoms appear. However,
rabies vaccines exist and are commonly available.
Lyme disease and Rocky Mountain
spotted fever
Lyme disease is
transmitted through tick bites. Symptoms can range from mild to severe, but it
can be treated using antibiotics.
Dengue, malaria, and chikungunya
These are mosquito-borne diseases and are more common in
certain areas, such as the Caribbean.
Symptoms include fever, vomiting, and headaches. It is vital to
treat these conditions as soon as possible, as they can be fatal.
Salmonella infection
Salmonella is often caused by handling reptiles or
amphibians that carry Salmonella, or by handling baby chicks or ducks.
The illness usually lasts for between 4 and 7 days,
and symptoms include diarrhea, fever, and
abdominal cramps. People can usually recover without medical treatment,
although conservative measures are recommended.
E. coli infection
This infection is often caused by touching infected animals
or handling contaminated food. Cows also have E. coli germs on their udders.
Often associated with food poisoning, salmonella can cause
vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. It is essential that infected people
rest and drink plenty of fluids.
Psittacosis
Also known as ornithosis or parrot fever, psittacosis is a
bacterial disease that most often affects birds. Humans can get it from
feathers, secretions, and droppings.
Symptoms include fever, headache, and dry cough. In serious
cases, it may cause pneumonia and require
a hospital visit.
Other types
There are hundreds of zoonotic diseases, but many are rare.
Other well-known types include:
- anthrax
- avian influenza or bird flu
- bovine tuberculosis
- brucellosis
- cat scratch fever
- Ebola
- West
Nile virus
- leprosy
- Zika fever
- trichinosis
- swine influenza
- histoplasmosis
Zoonotic diseases can be transferred from animals to humans
in several different ways, including:
Direct
contact
Share on PinterestDirect contact is
one potential cause of the spread of zoonotic diseases.
Direct contact involves coming into contact with the bodily
fluids of an infected animal, such as saliva, blood, urine, mucus, or feces.
This can happen because of merely touching or petting
infected animals, or being bitten or scratched by one.
Water resources that are contaminated by manure can also
contain a great variety of zoonotic bacteria and therefore increase the
risk of that bacteria transferring to humans.
Indirect
contact
Indirect contact involves coming into contact with an area
where infected animals live or roam, or by touching an object that has been
contaminated by an infected animal.
Common areas where this occurs include:
- aquarium tanks
- chicken coops
- pet baskets, cages, or kennels
- pet food and water dishes
- plants and soil where infected
animals have been
Farmers, abattoir workers, zoo or pet shop workers, and
veterinarians have an increased risk of being exposed to zoonotic diseases.
They can also become carriers and pass those diseases on to other people.
Vector-borne
A vector is a living organism that transfers an infection
from an animal to a human, or another animal.
They are often arthropods. Common vectors include:
- mosquitoes
- ticks
- fleas
- lice
The vector will bite the infected animal and then bite a
human, passing on the zoonotic disease.
Food-borne
Zoonosis can come from contaminated animal food products,
improper food handling, or inadequate cooking.
Around 1 in 6 American people will get sick at some point in
their lives by eating or drinking contaminated food or drink.
Common causes of zoonosis through food-borne include:
- unpasteurized milk
- undercooked meat or eggs
- raw fruit and vegetables
contaminated with feces from an infected animal
Other
causes
Global climate change, the overuse of antimicrobials in
medicine, and more intensified farm settings are also thought to influence the
increasing rate of zoonotic diseases.
People with a weakened immune system are also at greater risk.
Common causes of immune-suppression include:
- pregnancy
- infancy
- cancer treatment
- organ transplant
- diabetes
- alcoholism
- infectious diseases, such
as AIDS
Share on PinterestPracticing good
hygiene by washing hands after handling animals and before preparing food may
help to prevent the spread of zoonotic diseases.
People come into contact with animals all the time, but
there are several steps a person can take to help prevent infection. These
include:
- Keeping
hands clean: Washing hands with clean soap
and running water after being around animals, even if not touching them,
can stop germs spreading.
- Choosing
a pet wisely: Thoroughly researching types
of pets and taking steps to be safe around them can help prevent disease.
- Preventing
bites from mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas:
Using bug sprays, wearing long trousers and sleeves, and staying away from
wooded areas can help prevent bites.
- Handling
food safely: A person can prevent
infections, such as salmonella, by ensuring food is cooked properly, that
food preparation areas are clean, and by washing dishes and pots after
use.
- Researching
diseases before travel:
Being aware of the different types of zoonotic diseases when traveling and
taking precautionary steps with vaccines are essential.
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