Z
|
oonosis
is the name given to diseases or infections that can be transmitted between
humans and animals.
Many people interact with
animals during their daily lives, and millions of householdsTrusted Source in
the United States have pets. Other people come into contact with animals
through their work, such as farming, or in the wild.
In this article, we look at
the common types of zoonotic diseases and how they can be prevented.
Share on PinterestMany
different types of animals may spread zoonotic diseases, including chickens.
Zoonosis refers to diseases
that can be passed from animals to humans. They are sometimes called zoonotic
diseases.
Animals can carry harmful
germs, such as bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. These are then shared
with humans and cause illness. Zoonotic diseases range from mild to severe, and
some can even be fatal.
Zoonotic diseases are
widespread both in the U.S. and worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO)
estimates that 61 percentTrusted Source of all human
diseases are zoonotic in origin, while 75 percentTrusted Source of new
diseases discovered in the last decade are zoonotic.
Before the introduction of
new hygiene regulations around 100 years ago, zoonotic diseases such as
bovine tuberculosis,
bubonic plague, and glanders caused millions of deathsTrusted Source. They are still a major
problem in developing countries.
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Common zoonotic illnesses
include:
Rabies
Rabies is a
disease that affects the nervous system of mammals. It is usually caused by a
virus and is transmitted if an infected animal bites a person or other animal.
Rabies is almost always
fatal once symptoms appear. However, rabies vaccines exist and are commonly
available.
Lyme
disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Lyme disease is
transmitted through tick bites. Symptoms can range from mild to severe, but it
can be treated using antibiotics.
Dengue,
malaria, and chikungunya
These are mosquito-borne
diseases and are more common in certain areas, such as the Caribbean.
Symptoms include fever, vomiting,
and headaches. It is
vital to treat these conditions as soon as possible, as they can be fatal.
Salmonella
infection
Salmonella is often caused
by handling reptiles or amphibians that carry Salmonella, or by handling baby
chicks or ducks.
The illness usually lasts
for between 4 and 7 daysTrusted Source, and symptoms
include diarrhea,
fever, and abdominal cramps. People can usually recover without medical
treatment, although conservative measures are recommended.
E. coli infection
This infection is often
caused by touching infected animals or handling contaminated food. Cows also
have E. coli germs on
their udders.
Often associated with food poisoning, salmonella
can cause vomiting, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. It is essential that infected
people rest and drink plenty of fluids.
Psittacosis
Also known as ornithosis or
parrot fever, psittacosis is a bacterial disease that most often affects birds.
Humans can get it from feathers, secretions, and droppings.
Symptoms include fever,
headache, and dry cough. In serious cases, it may cause pneumonia and
require a hospital visit.
Other
types
There are hundreds of
zoonotic diseases, but many are rare. Other well-known types include:
- anthrax
- avian influenza or bird flu
- bovine tuberculosis
- brucellosis
- cat scratch fever
- Ebola
- West Nile virus
- leprosy
- Zika fever
- trichinosis
- swine influenza
- histoplasmosis
Zoonotic diseases can be
transferred from animals to humans in several different ways, including:
Direct contact
Share on PinterestDirect
contact is one potential cause of the spread of zoonotic diseases.
Direct contact involves
coming into contact with the bodily fluids of an infected animal, such as
saliva, blood, urine, mucus, or feces.
This can happen because of
merely touching or petting infected animals, or being bitten or scratched by
one.
Water resources that are
contaminated by manure can also contain a great variety of zoonotic bacteria
and therefore increase the riskTrusted Source of that bacteria
transferring to humans.
Indirect contact
Indirect contact involves
coming into contact with an area where infected animals live or roam, or by
touching an object that has been contaminated by an infected animal.
Common areas where this
occurs include:
- aquarium tanks
- chicken coops
- pet baskets, cages, or kennels
- pet food and water dishes
- plants and soil where infected animals have been
Farmers, abattoir workers,
zoo or pet shop workers, and veterinarians have an increased risk of being
exposed to zoonotic diseases. They can also become carriers and pass those
diseases on to other people.
Vector-borne
A vector is a living
organism that transfers an infection from an animal to a human, or another
animal.
They are often arthropods.
Common vectors include:
- mosquitoes
- ticks
- fleas
- lice
The vector will bite the
infected animal and then bite a human, passing on the zoonotic disease.
Food-borne
Zoonosis can come from
contaminated animal food products, improper food handling, or inadequate
cooking.
Around 1 in 6 American peopleTrusted Source will
get sick at some point in their lives by eating or drinking contaminated food
or drink.
Common causes of zoonosis
through food-borne include:
- unpasteurized milk
- undercooked meat or eggs
- raw fruit and vegetables contaminated with feces from
an infected animal
Other causes
Global climate change, the
overuse of antimicrobials in medicine, and more intensified farm settings are
also thought to influence the increasing rateTrusted Source of zoonotic
diseases.
People with a weakened
immune system are also at greater riskTrusted Source. Common causes of
immune-suppression include:
- pregnancy
- infancy
- cancer treatment
- organ transplant
- diabetes
- alcoholism
- infectious diseases, such as AIDS
Share on PinterestPracticing
good hygiene by washing hands after handling animals and before preparing food
may help to prevent the spread of zoonotic diseases.
People come into contact
with animals all the time, but there are several steps a person can take to
help prevent infection. These include:
- Keeping hands clean: Washing hands with clean soap and running water after
being around animals, even if not touching them, can stop germs spreading.
- Choosing a pet wisely: Thoroughly researching types of pets and taking steps
to be safe around them can help prevent disease.
- Preventing bites from
mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas:
Using bug sprays, wearing long trousers and sleeves, and staying away from
wooded areas can help prevent bites.
- Handling food safely: A person can prevent infections, such as salmonella,
by ensuring food is cooked properly, that food preparation areas are
clean, and by washing dishes and pots after use.
- Researching diseases before
travel: Being aware of the different
types of zoonotic diseases when traveling and taking precautionary steps
with vaccines are essential.
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